From Mahatma Gandhi to Winston Churchill to Martin Luther...

From Mahatma Gandhi to Winston Churchill to Martin Luther King, there are as many leadership styles as there are leaders. Fortunately, businesspeople and psychologists have developed useful and simple ways to describe the main styles of leadership, and these can help aspiring leaders understand which styles they should use. So, whether you manage a team at work, captain a sports team, or lead a major corporation, which approach is best? Consciously, or subconsciously, youll probably use some of the leadership styles in this article at some point. Understanding these styles and their impact can help you develop your own, personal leadership style – and help you become a more effective leader. With this in mind, there are many different†¦show more content†¦Early trait theories promoted the idea that leadership is an innate, instinctive quality that you either have or dont have. Thankfully, weve moved on from this approach, and were learning more about what we can do as individuals to develop leadership qualities within ourselves and others. Whats more, traits are external behaviors that emerge from things going on within the leaders mind – and its these internal beliefs and processes that are important for effective leadership. Trait theory does, however, help us identify some qualities that are helpful when leading others and, together, these emerge as a generalized leadership style. Examples include empathy, assertiveness, good decision-making, and likability. In our article Building Tomorrows Leaders, we discuss a series of attributes that are important for all types of leaders to develop. However, none of these traits, nor any combination of them, will guarantee success as a leader. You need more than that. 4. Power and influence theories – What is the source of the leaders power? Power and influence theories of leadership take an entirely different approach. Theyre based on the different ways in which leaders use power and influence to get things done, and the leadership styles that emerge as a result. Perhaps the most well known of these theories is French and Ravens Five Forms of Power. This model distinguishes between using yourShow MoreRelatedGandhi : Man Of Power853 Words   |  4 Pages Gandhi: Man of Power When we think of leaders, we all have certain characteristics that come to mind. We consider those who are leaders, to be a person who had done something special in their time. That something may have changed something in their local community, or it may have changed the world (Lal, 2015). World history has known many examples of leaders that made a big change in the world. In the United States, there is little doubt that Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King are examples ofRead MoreA First Rate Madness By Nassir Ghaemi1524 Words   |  7 Pagesworld history have mental illnesses that split them apart from other people. Against popular belief, mental illnesses may be beneficial towards leaders.The book: A First-Rate Madness by Nassir Ghaemi describes how leadership and mental illnesses may go hand in hand. The author describes this through famous leaders such as: General William Tecumseh Sherman, Ted turner, Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Ghandi, Martin Luther King Jr., Franklin D. Roosevelt, and John F. Kennedy. The bookRead MoreLeaders Like Martin Luther King, Jr.1149 Words   |  5 PagesLeaders like Martin Luther King, Jr., Mahatma Gandhi, Winston Churchill and Hitler have one thing in common; the word charisma is usually attached to them when peop le describe their characteristics as a leader. Charisma defined by the online Merriam-Webster Dictionary is â€Å"a personal magic of leadership arousing special popular loyalty or enthusiasm for a public figure (as a political leader); a special magnetic charm or appeal† (Merriam-Webster, 2014). The Oxford Dictionary states that charismaRead MoreTop 10 Greatest Leaders of all Time1615 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent from the others. This is one reason why leadership cannot comply with or be understood wholly by its definitions. No matter who the leader is, there are some traits or qualities that are common to all. These traits are determination, patience, hard work, will, adaptation to change etc. These qualities make for a great leader. The following is a list of Top 10 Greatest Leaders of all Time – 10. Winston Churchill The Right Honorable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was a prolificRead MoreA First Rate Madness : Uncovering The Links Between Leadership And Mental Health1033 Words   |  5 Pageson the benefits of mental illness, in specific, depression and mania. He observes four qualities supposedly derived from mental illness: realism, resilience, empathy, and creativity; these elements apparently â€Å"promote crisis leadership.† The historical figures discussed include General William Sherman, Ted Turner, Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., John F. Kennedy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, among other less significant cases. Dr. Ghaemi asserts thatRead MoreShould Religious Leaders Be Political Leaders1210 Words   |  5 PagesBishop Margret Wanjiru and Pius Muiru who have politicized the pulpits and are getting more members into their churches for the wrong reasons. Religion and politics for instance in Palestine everything is related to Islam where people are restricted from doing whatever they want, but instead have to follow the strict rules. Earlier this month on the 11th September 2010, a pastor by the name Terry Jones threatened to burn copies of the Holy Qur’an and claimed that it was a way to seek honor for thoseRead MoreLeadership and Mentoring Essay3403 Words   |  14 Pagesleader and his followers, a good leader would be able to carry out his duties with excellent support from his supporter. A mentor is a person another individual looks up to as an advisor, role model and someone who influences their thoughts and actions. Best example is that of a master in chosen craft and his apprentice or protà ©gà ©e (Clutterbuck 2004) explains mentoring as assistance given from one person to another in making adequate contributions in education, work or personal thought, mentorsRead MoreThe United States Declaration Of Independence1802 Words   |  8 Pagesinitial calculations were made). Also, in 1755 Laredo, Texas is established by the Spaniards. And in 1776, during the American Revolution, the Virginia Convention instructs its Continental Congress delegation to propose a resolution of independence from Great Britain, paving the way for the United States Declaration of Independence. Also, in 1793 Diego Marà ­n Aguilera flies a glider for about 360 meters, at a height of 5–6 meters, during one of the first attempted manned flights. And in 1817 theRead MoreThe Great Man By Martin Luther King, Jr., And Winston Churchill2364 Words   |  10 PagesAnalyzing Leadership From the vantage point of the present, it is easy to look back at the tenure of any great leader and draw conclusions about just what it was that made him/her great. We can examine the circumstances under which their leadership flourished; piece together what we know of their character and personality traits; delve into the factors that may have driven them; and dissect their leadership style all in an effort to pinpoint the source of their success. The ‘Great Man’ theory,Read MoreLeadership Is A Process Of Guiding Individuals, Groups, And Organization2619 Words   |  11 Pagesand good judgment, enable them to grow, and help them become better contributors (Thomas S Bateman, 2010, p. 66). Unlike management leadership flows from the core of a personality and cannot be taught; although leadership can be learned and may be enhanced through coaching and mentoring. Leadership involves unique processes that are distinguishable from basic management processes (Thomas S Bate man, 2010, p. 123). Leadership can be divided between supervisory leadership and strategic leadership in order

Why I Should Not Be Taught - 1619 Words

Going into Psychology I was not sure what would be involved. I thought that this class would be very hard and that I would not be able to do. Starting on the first day we learned that we would be the teachers, we were involved in teaching the information to our fellow students. We were responsible for learning the material in our chapter, put together a presentation, and cover the entire chapter to the class. This helped me learn the material better than if a teacher was just lecturing the class on it because we, the students, were able to pick what in the chapter we would actually be interested in learning about. Each class we have a presentation where a different group of students presents the chapter. This keeps the class fun and relevant because we are not listening to the same people talk over and over again week after week. As of today we have had seven chapters presented. Those chapters are three, five, seven, eight, nine, eleven, and fourteen. Each of those chapters we have covered a lot of material within a those few weeks. In chapter three we learned about Piaget’s Theory, Vygotsky’s Theory, Erikson’s Theory, and parenting styles. Piaget’s Theory is the ideal way to guide intellectual development is to provide experiences that are only slightly novel, unusual, or challenging. Vygotsky’s Theory states that understanding that people have mental states, such as thoughts, beliefs, and intentions, that other people can have a different mental state than you do.Show MoreRelatedWhy I Taught Proper Nouns Should Be Capitalized847 Words   |  4 PagesEver since I can remember, I was taught proper nouns should be capitalized. I was taught to capitalize my name, to capitalize the United States and even to capitalize ethnic identifiers like Asian or Latino. Naturally when I w rote my first essay with reference to black people I capitalized the word â€Å"Black.† Yet, when my paper was returned to me I found a note in the margin. The teacher had written, â€Å"Why did you capitalize ‘Black?’† I thought I had made a grammatical mistake, so for a period of timeRead MoreCreationism Isnt Science but Belongs in Schools Essay849 Words   |  4 Pagestheories should and should not be taught. The debate has centered itself between creationists, those that believe in a mythological theory, and Secular humanists, those who believe in a theory known as evolution. It has become questioned whether creationism should be taught in schools along side the evolution theory. In an essay discussing this Niles Eldredge argues why creationism should not be taught in schools but he only proves that creationism is being taught in theRead MoreWhy Sex Education Should Be Taught Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesI. Intro A. According to the nursing schools of the web page published in 2016 called 10 Truly Shocking Stats on STDS and College Students, â€Å"One in four college students have an STD.† They also stated that â€Å"Only 54 percent of students regularly use condoms during vaginal intercourse, 29 percent during anal intercourse and only 4 percent during oral sex.† Why is it that students aren’t protecting themselves against these issues? B. I am a credible source about this information because I amRead MoreBilingual Education For Deaf Children914 Words   |  4 Pageshow can you tell the difference? I feel that young Deaf/hard of hearing students should be taught by a Deaf teacher or a child of a Deaf adult (C.O.D.A) teacher is important because ASL is the first step to learning English and becoming bilingual. According to the article Why Schools for Deaf Children Should Hire Deaf Teachers: A Preschool Issue By Courtney Shantie and Robert Hoffmeister, the authors state â€Å"This paper will focus on the theories and facts behind why bilingual education for Deaf childrenRead MoreEssay on Creationsim vs. Evolution794 Words   |  4 PagesEvolution has been taught in many public schools for generations because of the scientific methods and support it has as a scientific theory of how we as humans came to be. Many religions hold different views of how humanity as we know it was created and these people believe that students should be able to hear their side as well. There is one main problem, the separation of church and state and the limits that are set within this statement. Should creation be taught as theory just likeRead MoreFactors That Affect Teacher s Expectations Of Students844 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents in a negative way. I have seen how the way the children act and their background affects the leaders at my sites expectations for how a child will act during homework time. One of the students I work with was being very difficult during free time, so before I worked with that child on homework, the teacher told me that the students acted out because of many problems at home, and because of this, I should not expect much from this student in a positive academic situation. I found this to be untrueRead MoreThe Banking Concept Of Education881 Words   |  4 Pagesbanking approach. I personally believe that all students should be taught with the Problem-Posing Approach since the Banking Approach is not a sufficient way of learning. I can guarantee that almost every student has been a part of this â€Å"traditional† educational system as they are just taught to memorize certain material until the test day comes. 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Many believe that the education of sex encourages students to engage in sexual activities which lead to a higher number of pregnancies and sexual transmitted diseases (STD’s).The U.S. is the leading country in teen pregnancies and STD’s As the number of unplanned pregnancies and sexuallyRead MoreA Report On Beijing Normal University Sexuality Education Program1234 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion was answered depending on the recipient’s time schedule. The relevant answers are included in sections 6. A signature was received from the recipient. Signature: I, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦agree to take part in the study on conducted by Miss. Theadora Thompson as part of her Master Studies, at Tsinghua University in Beijing, China. I understand the importance of this study and that such information given will be treated as anonymous. Signature.............................................. Date: ........

Get Free Samples Solution on IT Risk Management

Questions: 1. Identity your projects(Redesigning a Company Website risksUsing the RMP template and after discussion with your supervisor, complete the left hand side of Part 2: Risk Register (i.e. the first five columns, ending in Risk Consequences. You should list at least 8 possible risks. Details of fields in the RMP Risk Register: Risk Ref. No: This is just a sequential number, used as a key for associating with the Risk Treatment Plan. Category: Select Commercial, Finance, Security, Safety, or Legal/Regulatory from the drop down list. You may have more than one risk in a category. Risk Description: e.g. Older scanners may not work under Windows 12. Risk Cause: e.g. Drivers may not exist for Windows 12. Risk Consequences: e.g. Invoices cannot be scanned in.2. Analyse your projects risksAnalyse the risks in your project; you may discuss these with your supervisor. Using the RMP template again, complete the right hand side of Part 2: Risk Register (i.e. Impact and Likelihood). Do not change the Rating column, it will be calculated for you automatically by the spreadsheet.3. Complete the last section of your RMP, the Risk Treatment planUsing the RMP template that you have been using for the last two weeks, work with your supervisor and complete the final section - the R isk Treatment.Details of fields in the RMP Risk Treatment plan are described in this weeks seminar. Answers: (1). ACS Professional Environments RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN - Part 1: Project Context Plan Prepared by Organization Date Project Sponsor (Position Title) PLEASE FILL PLEASE FILL PLEASE FILL PLEASE FILL Project Name Project Description Problem the project is seeking to solve Redesigning a Company Website The project aims at facilitating a more user-friendly design with dynamic content loading and interactive icons. The website design will focus on including greater informative contents with 24x7 hours online support available so as to help the customers easily comprehend the functions and utilities provided by the company. The aim is to increase website traffic and attract more customers to the business, as well as providing them a user friendly and easy-to-operate online platform where they can easily communicate with the service providers. It is mainly targeted to increase customer base and customer satisfaction, along with introducing a more efficient way towards customer relationship management. The project is trying to solve the problem of existing poor user interfaces and experiences. Another problem here is the low internet traffic due to lack of sufficient customers. These problems are to be solved through this project. Project Deliverables Business benefits i.e. what will the company gain from this project? Project Management Method User-friendly interface Interactive website with the help of dashboards Dynamic and informative website content design HTML5 supported 24x7 online help desk Activation of email and SMS alert Multi browser support v More customer friendly interface v Better customer services with enhanced interactive methods v Enhanced website design along with increased content v Latest technical upgrades v Better customer care and efficient help desk v Promotion and service alert systems v Increased number of customers v Maximized profits and annual revenue The project will be managed and undertaken step by step. First, the necessary resources will be analyzed and the equipments will be bought. After that, experts will be hired and they will be instructed regarding the guidelines and requirements of the project. Finally, the project will be in full flow until completion. Resources to be applied Estimated Project Duration People: 25 Budget: $500,000 Start: 20/06/2016 Equipment: $400,000 End: 20/08/2016 Risk Ref. No. Risk Category Risk Description Risk Cause Risk Consequences 1 Finance The actual expenses may exceed the budget by a long margin Insufficient funds, malfunctioning equipments, systems errors causing over expenditure The project may fail altogether, feasibility of the project may get lost due to over expenditure 2 Finance The project sponsor might stop funding for the project The sponsor may not be satisfied with the progress of the project, sponsor may have some financial problems of their own The company will encounter heavy losses, project may fail completely 3 Legal/Regulatory The project may be stopped for indefinite time due to legal issues The company might not have followed legal restrictions or received legal approval before starting the project, copyright issues The project might be stopped for indefinite period or permanently, company may encounter huge penalties and other losses 4 Safety The equipments may get malfunctioned, network malfunctioning may cause loss of the programs and softwares The malfunctioning of equipments may occur if proper safety measures and not taken, network malfunction may occur due to network errors or external harmful agents Repair or replacement of equipments will require extra cost, network errors and loss of data will require extra work of the experts 5 Security External network threats like virus attacks, breach of security attacks and malwares may damage or destroy the whole system There are some third party agents and unethical hackers who try to breach the security of an organization and extract confidential information from the systems Consequences are huge, all confidential data maybe leaked, critical documents may get destroyed or lost forever 6 Commercial The project may not have commercial feasibility The main commercial requirements of the company may not have been analyzed properly before approving the project The company may not achieve commercial success as expected 7 Commercial Even after successful completion of the project, the company still fails to attract customers The project requirements may not have been met properly, there might be some internal undetected errors The company may not be able to recoup expenses through revenue 8 Commercial Even after the project, the market may not the suit the company in that situation Proper market analysis might not have been made prior to the project The company may not achieve any commercial success (2). RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN - Part 2: Risk Register Risk Ref. No. Risk Category Impact Likelihood Rating 1 Finance 4-Major 3-Possible High 2 Finance 5-Catastrophic 4-Likely Extreme 3 Legal/Regulatory 5-Catastrophic 3-Possible High 4 Safety 4-Major 3-Possible High 5 Security 5-Catastrophic 5-Almost Certain Extreme 6 Commercial 4-Major 3-Possible High 7 Commercial 4-Major 2-Unlikely Medium 8 Commercial 2-Minor 1-Rare Low (3). RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN - Part 3: Risk Treatment Plan Risk Ref. No. Treatment Strategy Treatment Description Treatment Resources Risk Owner Deadline 1 Avoid Unnecessary expenses are to be avoided, extra funds should be kept available to avoid fund shortage Excess Funds Project Manager, Company Director, Accountant Before the start of the project 2 Transfer The sponsor should be changed and transferred to some other company Sponsor Contract Commercial Director, Finance Department After termination of one sponsor 3 Mitigate The legal issues must be mitigated quickly with legal help and right procedures Legal Obligations Lawyer As soon as possible 4 Avoid Any safety loopholes are to be avoided during the course of the project Hardwares and Softwares Resource Manager, Computer Engineers Within 10-15 days for hardwares, 5 days for softwares 5 Mitigate Security issues are to be mitigated at the highest priority using firewalls, anti-virus and other software tools Security Softwares Computer Engineers, Security Experts As soon as possible (highest priority) 6 Accept The company should accept the results and use it as a basis for further development Survey Reports Project Designer Within 6 months 7 Accept The company should accept the results and emphasize more on the customer demands Sales Reports Sales Manager Within 3 months 8 Transfer The company may transfer or relocate to a region with lesser competition in market Financial Reports Marketing Manager Within 6 months References Huemann, M., Silvius, G. (2015). Call for papers: International Journal of Project Management: Theme:Managing projects sustainability.International Journal of Project Management,33(71), 9-720. McManus, J. (2012).Risk management in software development projects. Routledge. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Neves, S. M., da Silva, C. E. S., Salomon, V. A. P., da Silva, A. F., Sotomonte, B. E. P. (2014). Risk management in software projects through knowledge management techniques: cases in Brazilian incubated technology-based firms.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), 125-138. Pryke, S., Smyth, H. (2012).The management of complex projects: a relationship approach. John Wiley Sons. Sehrawat, N., Munsi, N., Jain, M. (2014). RISK MANAGEMENT in SOFTWARE PROJECTS. Titarenko, B., Titov, S., Titarenko, R. (2014, September). Risk management in innovation projects. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 638, pp. 2338-2341). Trans Tech Publications. Turner, J. R. (2014).The handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). McGraw-hill.

Influence Of Mass Media On Sport Essays - Communication, Mass Media

Influence Of Mass Media On Sport Influences of Mass Media in Sport When communication is spread not just between two individuals but rather between tens of millions of people it is known as mass media. Mass media is known as the central nervous system of society. Mass media has many different purposes, such as providing information, entertaining, persuading and also by carrying a vague general function of culture to millions of people.(Frederick 18). In order for mass media to exist, there must be an audience. Today's society is very selective; each receiver reacts differently through his or her own experience and orientation according to mass media. Therefore, mass media exists in many different forms such as magazines, television, newspapers, internet, motion pictures, and even plays. Some examples of these forms of mass media are cosmopolitan magazine for young modern women and TSN television network for sports fans. With such extreme varieties of mass media existing in today's societies there are three major constraints that seem to have an impr essionable impact. These constraints can keep mass media very restricted. The major constraint of mass media is competition. Each form of mass media wants to be the one to target the audience, so therefore competition between mass media is very strong, because capturing the inside of the sports world is critical. Apart from the competition among the various forms of media there is also competition among each form of the media example Fox network competes with all television networks for a market share of the audience. Network companies such as Fox buy the contracts to show American football games for millions of dollars, which they in turn make their money back through companies wanting to advertize on their network during these football games. The audience Fox attracts by showing these games also provides an audience for companies wanting to advertise their products and provides potential customers for their products. This life cycle exists in all forms of media apart from just tel evision, newspapers try to cover the best stories in all areas of life from tradegy to sports and entertainment. From a sociological stand point in today's society sex and violence attracts audiences. By examining the internet, which is the newest form of mass media internet companies that provide the most outrageous websites with sex and violence are the most watched websites. Media Companies compete with each other on those levels by looking at what attracts the most attention and trying to provide it. Although the audience are the ones who decide what information is important and this decides what groups of mass media get the most attention the influence of the media in today's world really guides them in helping them make that decision without their actual knowledge. If your story isn't important to the audience then your media is taking up space, so therefore you either have to produce what the audience wants or you will not be able to survive in the competitive world of mass m edia. In order to survive in society you must offer the general public information they are interested in. Money also puts constraints on what an individual gets to know. If a person can't afford to buy a television that is restricting them on the knowledge that they are able to consume. Also, companies run on budget plans, and if there is no money in the budget, they are unable to provide information to a society. For every story that is produced, or every television commercial aired that could have been many more, to follow. But with limited money in the budget plans, an audience's view also becomes very limited, because if the media doesn't have the money to produce the information that is information that a society loses out on. Time is also another constraint because is doesn't make a difference on the amount of media there is, there will only be twenty four hours in each day and not all a person's time can be devoted to the effects of mass media. With the consideration of all these constraints this may create many difficulties for mass media, these difficulties will have a reflection on society as well. In media these constraints are known as noise.

Vet, Vetted, Vetting

Vet, Vetted, Vetting Vet, Vetted, Vetting Vet, Vetted, Vetting By Maeve Maddox The verb vet, â€Å"investigate someone’s suitability for a job,† took the American media by storm during the presidential campaign of 2008. Vet was Number Two on Merriam-Webster’s Word of the Year list that year. (Bailout was Number One.) Although the word has been in American dictionaries for close to 100 years, few US speakers seem to have heard of it before 2008. Some forum participants continue to puzzle over it: The past presidential election is the first time I heard the term â€Å"vet† or â€Å"vetting  a candidate.† What does it mean? (2012) Honestly, I had never heard the word before until today. (2013) Here are some examples of the word’s current use on the Web: Hollywoods medical storylines vetted by those who know 10 Steps for Vetting Unknown Internet Sources The Garda Central Vetting Unit (GCVU) provides the only official vetting service in the Republic of Ireland. While it is general practice for most employers to call references and confirm previous employers, vetting an employee delves a little deeper into the applicants background. Some speakers–apparently lacking access to a dictionary–speculate that the verb vet may derive from veteran or veto: Coming from the word veteran maybe? From Latin veto (to prohibit), referring to the practice of having an opportunity to veto a decision before it is finalized. Wrong. The verb â€Å"to vet† is derived from the noun veterinarian. It originated as a term meaning, â€Å"to submit an animal to examination or treatment by a veterinary surgeon.† The earliest citation in the OED illustrates the word in the context of horse racing: 1891: Beau is shaky in his fore legs. I shall have him vetted before the races. By 1904, the term had spread to general usage with this meaning: to examine carefully and critically for deficiencies or errors; specifically, to investigate the suitability of (a person) for a post that requires loyalty and trustworthiness. As for veteran and veto, the English word veteran comes from a Latin word for old. â€Å"Old soldiers,† for example, were called veterani. Veto translates as â€Å"I forbid,† a declaration spoken by Roman tribunes of the people when they wished to oppose measures of the Senate or actions of the magistrates. The Latin source word for veterinary and veterinarian is veterinus: â€Å"a beast of burden.† Veterinus may have been a contracted form of vehiterinus, a word related to the verb vehere, to carry or convey. A beast of burden carries things. Veterinarians care for beasts of burden. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersOn Behalf Of vs. In Behalf OfWhile vs. Whilst

The First Historical Hobby and Home Computers

The First Historical Hobby and Home Computers The first Apple was just a culmination of my whole life. Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple Computers In 1975, Steve Wozniak was working for Hewlett Packard, the calculator manufacturers, by day and playing computer hobbyist by night, tinkering with the early computer kits like the Altair. All the little computer kits that were being touted to hobbyists in 1975 were square or rectangular boxes with non-understandable switches on them,† Wozniak said. He realized that the prices of some computer parts like microprocessors  and memory chips  had dropped so low that he could buy them with maybe a months salary. Wozniak decided that he and fellow hobbyist Steve Jobs could afford to  build their own home computer. The Apple I Computer Wozniak and Jobs released the Apple I computer on April Fools’ Day 1976. The Apple I was the first single circuit board home computer. It came with a video interface, 8k of RAM and a keyboard. The system incorporated some economical components like dynamic RAM and the  6502 processor, which was designed by Rockwell, produced by MOS Technologies and cost only about $25 dollars at the time.   The pair showed the prototype Apple I at a meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club,  a local computer hobbyist group based in Palo Alto, California. It was mounted on plywood with all the components visible. A local computer dealer, the Byte Shop, ordered 100 units if Wozniak and Jobs would agree to assemble the kits for their customers. About 200 Apple Is were built and sold over a 10-month period for the superstitious price of $666.66. The Apple II Computer Apple Computers was incorporated in 1977 and the Apple II computer model was released that year. When the  first West Coast Computer Faire was held in San Francisco, attendees saw the public debut of the Apple II, available for $1,298. The Apple II was also based on the 6502 processor, but it had color graphicsa first for a personal computer. It used an audio cassette drive for storage. Its original configuration came with 4 kb of RAM, but this was increased to 48 kb a year later and the cassette drive was replaced with a floppy disk drive. The Commodore PET The Commodore PET–a personal electronic transactor or, as rumor has it, named after the pet rock fad–was designed by Chuck Peddle. It was first presented at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in January 1977, and later at the West Coast Computer Faire. The Pet Computer also ran on the 6502 chip, but it cost only $795half the price of the Apple II. It included 4 kb of RAM, monochrome graphics and an audio cassette drive for data storage. Included was a version of BASIC in 14k of ROM. Microsoft developed its first 6502-based BASIC for the PET and sold the source code to Apple for Apple BASIC. The keyboard, cassette drive and small monochrome display all fit within the same self-contained unit. Jobs and Wozniak showed the Apple I prototype to Commodore and Commodore agreed to buy Apple at one point in time, but  Steve Jobs ultimately decided not to sell. Commodore bought MOS Technology instead and designed the PET. The Commodore PET was Apple’s chief rival at the time.   The TRS-80 Microcomputer Radio Shack introduced its TRS-80 microcomputer, also nicknamed the Trash-80,† in 1977. It was based on the Zilog Z80 processor, an 8-bit microprocessor whose instruction set is a superset of the Intel 8080. It came with 4 kb of RAM and 4 kb of ROM with BASIC. An optional expansion box enabled memory expansion and audio cassettes were used for data storage, similar to the PET and the first Apples. Over 10,000 TRS-80s were sold during the first month of production. The later TRS-80 Model II came complete with a disk drive for program and data storage. Only Apple and Radio Shack had machines with disk drives  at that time. With the introduction of the disk drive, applications for the personal home computer proliferated as the distribution of software became easier.

Trump Ltd Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trump Ltd - Research Paper Example expense is utilized. Normally prepayments are made for items like rent of premises and payments are of current nature expense.First it necessary to define what is cash flow statements. Cash flows are useful addition to financial statements which describe the users that how much cash is there in the company. The statement shows the users that how much cash is out flowed and how much the company has received from there different activates.As we know that any company survival in the fast changing and tough competition environment, depend upon its ability to generate cash. cash flow accounting direct our attention toward this curtail issue.Cash flows full fill the needs of all users. Such as management will able to take more effective decision when they will know that what amount of cash will be present in the company. Management will be help through the cash flow forecast in taking expansion and investment decisions.... According to prepayments concept amount paid in advance for any expense will be treat as an asset until the expense is utilized. Normally prepayments are made for items like rent of premises and payments are of current nature expense. Discussion on cash flow forecast: First it necessary to define what is cash flow statements. Cash flows are useful addition to financial statements which describe the users that how much cash is there in the company. The statement shows the users that how much cash is out flowed and how much the company has received from there different activates. The main advantages of using cash flow forecast are as follow As we know that any company survival in the fast changing and tough competition environment, depend upon its ability to generate cash. cash flow accounting direct our attention toward this curtail issue. Cash flows are more comprehensive than accounting profits which are dependent on accounting concepts and conventions Cash flows forecast are easier to prepare and as well as more useful the profit forecast. Cash flows full fill the needs of all users. Such as management will able to take more effective decision when they will know that what amount of cash will be present in the company. Management will be help through the cash flow forecast in taking expansion and investment decisions. Cash flow forecast will be helpful for providing comparison with actual cash flows to see what variances has been incurred. Cash Flow Statement as on 31 Dec 2006 Month 1: Operating Activities cash from customers 6250 cash paid to staff wages -10000 interest paid ( 7% of 100000)/12 -583 cash

Outline the main features of the current legal regime for the Essay

Outline the main features of the current legal regime for the exploitation of the International Seabed - Essay Example The United Nations’ resolve was timely to intervene in terms of internationally acceptable legal framework, to assist states to achieve an equitable access to the resources bestowed to these uncertain areas. This study attempts to analyse the features of the current legal regime that touches on the international sea exploitation. It explores internationally set regulations and conventions attempting to introduce control and order over the resources. In the first section, origin of conventions and bodies associated with the control of international seabed exploitation is visited. Perhaps it is appropriate to lay the foundation to the current regulatory framework, by briefly mentioning some of the earliest conventions aimed at introducing order at the international seabed. In line with this, the discourse adopts a chronological order for the conventions, it terms of the date of formulation. The second section explores features of some of the regulations thereon. Current legal regime concerning international seabed could have obtained inspirations from a few international regulations formed several decades before. Perhaps a major development in the 17th century towards the same spirit was the Freedom of the Sea Concept which was generated in the context of orderliness in high seas.1 Later, it was common for such regulations such as the Copenhagen Convention of 1857, whose limited scope of intentions was to introduce order in the handling of access of the Baltic Sea. There was territorial uncertainty in the preceding year, compromising shipping routes, which was resolved by a financial undertaking for Sound and Belt dues handing it over to Denmark.2 The Hague Conference of 1930 was convened with an intention of defining regulations to govern international waters control.3 However, the initial ambition by the LON for creation of an international seabed

Letter from George Essay Example for Free

Letter from George Essay Im sorry I havent written to you in a long time but a lot of things have happened since I last wrote, unfortunately its bad news this time. It all started when Slim and Curley came in the bunkhouse arguing one night. Then Curley turned to Lennie and says what you laughing at, and then he started lashing out at Lennie and smashed him in the nose. I couldnt stand it anymore Lennie wouldnt fight back so I told him to let him have it. Lennie caught Curleys punch, then he crushed it and he wouldnt let go. When he let his fist go it was flattened, not a bone was left unbroken in his hand. I was sure Lennie and I were going to get canned but Slim saved our skins. He told Curley that if he told anyone what happened and get us canned, we will tell everyone then he would get the laugh. That was good of Slim. I was all right at this point, I was happy, I thought if Lennie play and I our cards right and keep clean for a month we will get our fifty bucks each and get that ranch with old Candy. I started to believe our dream could really happen. All the lads and me were playing horses shoes late Sunday evening. I heard shuffling footsteps from the barn, I looked and saw Candy making his way towards me. His body language said every thing, when he looked at me I felt that something was wrong. He came to me said quietly you better come to the barn. When I saw Curleys wife lying there dead the painful thought going though my mind that I had no other solution to this problem but assume that it was Lennie and knew that was what Candy was thinking. At this point the dream was over for sure of a little ranch. I knew this was the end of the road for Lennie. I knew Curley would want lynch him so Candy and I discussed what we were going to do. I went to the bunkhouse and got Carlsons gun, while Candy went to get the boys. My memory flicked back to the night Carlson shot Candys dog. I went to the barn and heard how they were all planning how they going to get him, Slim reassured me that it was the only way. The others went of all armed; they all went the opposite way to where Lennie should be. I knew he would be by the river where we slept a few nights ago, I told him if he ever got into trouble to go there and wait for me. Sure enough he was there, looking at him made me shiver about the thought of my duty ahead. Lennie expected me to be angry with him but I told him visualise the dream of the imaginary ranch and how the rabbits would hop around and there soft hair. When he looked away I ended his life hoping he was going to a better place. As his lifeless body hit the ground it set a feeling guilt that was unimaginable. I looked at my right hand, which held the gun I throw it away in disgust. Ive moved on now people, just dont care about ranch hands. Best of luck Tom perhaps life will treat you better than Lennie and I.

Poverty on the Rise Essay -- Poverty Essays

Poverty on the Rise There is a very wide range of income for individuals and families. This is why we have people that are very wealthy which are referred to as the upper class and there is the middle class that makes an average income, and the bottom of the income bracket lies the people in poverty. Poverty is a condition in which a person or family does not have the means to satisfy basic needs for food, clothing, shelter, and transportation. Your race does not matter, every race has people that are in poverty. But as it is statistically shown, different races have a different number of people in poverty. In 1996, the federal government established a minimum income level below which a person or family is declared in "poverty." If a single person makes less than $7,995 then they are living in poverty, and a family has to exceed $16,036 or are also in poverty. From 1996 to 1997 the poverty rate has decreased by .4% In 1996, there was 36.5 million people at the poverty level and in 1997 the number of people in poverty decreased to 35.6 million people. Since a decade ago the poverty level has increased from 32.4 million people to as high as 39.3 million in 1993, but since 1993 the number of people living in poverty has decreased to 35.6 million people. The percent of the population a decade ago below the poverty was 13.1%, which has increases up to 15.1% but here recently the poverty rate is back down to 13.3% Gen...

Kip Kinkel Essay

Kip Kinkel was a high school student at Thurston High who was incarcerated for killing his parents, 5 students, and injuring over 20 other kids at school. Kip had a lot of psychological problems due to the biological and social aspects of his life, that maybe if had been treated properly, would not have made him feel the need to commit the crimes that he did. To begin, Kip Kinkel had many biological problems that may have kick started his problems from a young age. He had dyslexia, so he could not read and write very well. This caused him to fall behind in class and have to be held back a year. Biological psychologists would say that he had this problem due to his brain structure and chemicals and his brain that were dysfunctional and it caused him to have learning problems. He was also too small for his age, this made him get bullied by other boys at school. Psychoanalytic psychologists would say that because he had bed experience as a child, he probably would become bitter and feel like an outcast later in life as well. His mother was older than the recommended age to have babies and still be healthy, biological psychologists would say that this may have caused some abnormalities in his body and brain, such as the small body for his age, and dyslexia. Kip Kinkel had a terrible social life at home and at school. He got bullied in school because of his small body image; according to humanistic psychologists, this would lead him to low self esteem. He also had a lack of friends because growing up, he only had one friend, who was a girl, because he lived in a house that was kind of secluded in the woods, so there weren’t many kids around. He also got held back a year while all of his friends went on to the next grade. This would make him feel lonely and isolated according to the humanistic approach. Kip had a bad relationship with his family as well. He did not live up to his parents standards, and he did not really have anything to bond with his father over, except guns. This probably made him insecure about himself, always trying to be better than he was to please his parents. According to the psychoanalytic theory, security and parental relationships are major influences on personality. Kip also had many psychological issues that may have pushed him over the edge. He was diagnosed with depression, and given Prozac. However, shortly after he was starting to feel okay, the doctors took him off of it. This made him depressed again, but nobody realized it. He was also believed to be a schizophrenic because he would talk about â€Å"the voices in my head†, however he was never diagnosed and never treated for it. The combination of depression and schizophrenia lead him to maladaptive behaviors, according to the cognitive perspective, such as exploding homemade bombs and shooting things to take out his anger and relieve stress. Incarceration may not have been the been conclusion for the crimes that Kip committed. All of the things he did were because of his of his psychological problems that were caused from the social and biological aspects of his life growing up, and that were mistreated. If Kip had been better treated medically, the shootings may have not happened. Kip Kinkel is just the severe victim of his disorders, not just a cold hearted killer.

European influence in Africa Essay

The presence of Europeans in African countries had a great influence on the cultural benefits, traditions and norms of Africans. African societies were composed of small ethnic groups bound by deep cultural and traditional benefits. Slave trade in North Africa disintegrated these cultural systems. The entry of Europeans in North Africa led to breaking of those small indigenous units into modular states that could be easily controlled by the colonial rule. They abolished the indigenous legal systems and imposed new legal systems based on European concepts of law. North Africa was integrated into the world capitalist system, where its main function was to provide raw materials and new markets for Western industrial revolution. This led to imposition of taxation forcing Africans into cheap wage labor. Land grabbing and alienation in settler colonies made it impossible for the economy of the colonized countries to grow. This is because the colonial administrations only developed areas they saw fit for their benefit and it led to growth of colonial cities such as Dakar, Lagos and Nairobi. Westernization in North Africa led to the rise of Christianity and reduced the number of Muslims in sub Sahara, which contributed to the destabilization of Africa traditions and cultural benefits. Christianity promoted the assimilation of new ideas and new lifestyles such as monogamy and nuclear family. African societies believed in polygamy and extended families. This is being practiced even to day. Christian missionaries introduced Western education, which involved mastery of European language and literacy. The adoption of new habits and tastes coupled with Christianity and western education, led to the development of a new elite that included teachers, clerks, lawyers and doctors. Slave trade degraded the value of African people because they were used against their will to benefit the European economy. This impacted negatively on African leaders because some still practice slave trade today. Europeans brought about, modernization in Africa in terms of Western education, Christianity and Western lifestyles. European influence in Asia (1650-1815). South East Asia comprised of societies that varied in different aspects. Main societies in south East Asia included China, Thailand and Cambodia, therefore European influence on South East Asia varied extensively depending on indigenous states. Societies in South East Asia had very distinct traditional beliefs and rulers who reigned with a conviction of permanency and stability. Europeans created new economic relationships in South East Asia by establishing new industries like rubber production and improvement of traditional ones such as rice and sugar industries. They were improved and expanded to meet the European needs. Communities in Cambodia protested against economical changes when agribusiness in form of plantation farming was introduced. Europeans aimed to make the traditional cultures modern. This was received positively by some south East Asians who had been trained in Western schools. They believed that Western culture would have positive effects on their cultural and economical backgrounds. The elites adopted the European language and mode of dressing. Adoption of the Western culture led to political, economical and social growth in Asia. However, it was difficult to assimilate the European culture and lifestyles in Asia because of the diversity of Asian cultural customs and traditions. Asia is composed of Muslim, Christianity and Buddhism and therefore impacting Christianity in Asia was difficult. These traditional settings emphasized on unifying of social, economic, political and social spheres, though it is impractical to unify all the spheres. The influence of Europeans in Asia was highly varied and uneven throughout the region. They used superior military technology to achieve conquest and monopoly. The Portuguese invasion of Malacca led to the decline of the trade systems as they tried to dominate the spice trade. The European therefore, caused the detachment of producers form their traditional markets. As a result the powerful trading cultures in southeastern Asia collapsed due to colonial influence. European influence was limited to the coastal ports and the adjoining regions. Peasant life in Asia was not affected by the European influence as they remained inside the confines of their village. (Alagappa 130-138). European influence in Middle East (1825-1941). Middle east societies combined religion with governance of their states. European powers overwhelmed the region and tried to separate governance from religion. They replaced the indigenous educational, social and political systems through modernization. The Kuranic schools were replaced by the Western education. Middle east is an Islamic region that viewed European powers as enemies for creating Christianity in the Muslim dominated region. This created a sense of distrust of the Europeans by the Arabs. Europeans faced great resistance form the Arabs who used national movements to adopt anti-western speeches in order to gain favor from their people.. European powers in the Middle East replaced the Muslim leaders by non-Muslim leaders to create artificial political territories since they did not arise from the societies. They created states that had conflicting ethnicities and divided other ethnic groups into two or three portions. For instance they divided the Kurds into Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria. (Kaelble 120-127). Dividing ethnic communities stirred political rivalry and violence in the Middle East. It also created instability among the Arabs, preventing political, social and economical development. The Arabs formulated revenge missions to the Europeans and resisted any form of invasion whether political, economical, educational or social.

The Geoglyphic Art of Chiles Atacama Desert

The Geoglyphic Art of Chiles Atacama Desert More than 5,000 geoglyphs- prehistoric works of art placed on or worked into the landscape- have been recorded in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile over the past thirty years. A summary of these investigations appears in a paper by Luis Briones entitled The geoglyphs of the north Chilean desert: an archaeological and artistic perspective,  published in the March 2006 issue of the journal Antiquity.   The Geoglyphs of Chile The best-known geoglyphs in the world are the Nazca lines, built between 200 BC and 800 AD, and located approximately 800 kilometers away in coastal Peru. The Chilean glyphs in the Atacama Desert are far more numerous and varied in style, cover a much larger region (150,000 km2 versus the 250 km2 of the Nazca lines), and were built between 600 and 1500 AD. Both the Nazca lines and the Atacama glyphs had multiple symbolic or ritual purposes; while scholars believe the Atacama glyphs additionally had a vital role in the transportation network connecting the great South American civilizations.Built and refined by several South American cultures- likely including Tiwanaku and Inca, as well as less-advanced groups- the widely varied geoglyphs are in geometric, animal and human forms, and in about fifty different types. Using artifacts and stylistic characteristics, archaeologists believe the earliest were first constructed during the Middle Period, beginning around 800 AD. The most recent may be associated with early Christian rites in the 16th century. Some geoglyphs are found in isolation, some are in panels of up to 50 figures. They are found on hillsides, pampas, and valley floors throughout the Atacama Desert; but they are always found near ancient pre-Hispanic trackways marking llama caravan routes through the difficult regions of the desert connecting the ancient people of South America. Types and Forms of Geoglyphs The geoglyphs of the Atacama Desert were built using three essential methods, ‘extractive’, ‘additive’ and ‘mixed’. Some, like the famous geoglyphs of Nazca, were extracted from the environment, by scraping the dark desert varnish away exposing the lighter subsoil. Additive geoglyphs were built of stones and other natural materials, sorted and carefully placed. Mixed geoglyphs were completed using both techniques  and occasionally painted as well.The most frequent type of geoglyph in the Atacama are geometric forms: circles, concentric circles, circles with dots, rectangles, crosses, arrows, parallel lines, rhomboids; all symbols found in pre-Hispanic ceramics and textiles. One important image is the stepped rhombus, essentially a staircase shape of stacked rhomboids or diamond shapes (such as in the figure).Zoomorphic figures include camelids (llamas or alpacas), foxes, lizards, flamingos, eagles, seagulls, rheas, monkeys, and fishes includin g dolphins or sharks. One frequently occurring image is a caravan of llamas, one or more lines of between three and 80 animals in a row. Another frequent image is that of an amphibian, such as a lizard, toad or serpent; all of these are divinities in the Andean world connected to water rituals.Human figures occur in the geoglyphs and are generally naturalistic in form; some of these are engaged in activities ranging from hunting and fishing to sex and religious ceremonies. On the Arica coastal plains can be found the Lluta style of human representation, a body form with a highly stylized pair of long legs and a square head. This type of glyph is thought to date to AD 1000-1400. Other stylized human figures have a forked crest and a body with concave sides, in the Tarapaca region, dated to AD 800-1400. Why Were the Geoglyphs Built? The complete purpose of the geoglyphs is likely to remain unknown to us today. Possible functions include a cultic worship of mountains  or expressions of devotion to Andean deities; but Briones believes that one vital function of the geoglyphs was to store knowledge of safe pathways for llama caravans through the desert, including the knowledge of where salt flats, water sources, and animal fodder could be found. Briones terms these â€Å"messages, memories and rites† associated with the pathways, part sign post and part story-telling along a transportation network in an ancient form of combined religious and commercial travel, not unlike the rite known from many many cultures on the planet as pilgrimage. Large llama caravans were reported by Spanish chroniclers, and many of the representational glyphs are of caravans. However, no caravan equipment has been found in the desert to date (see Pomeroy 2013). Other potential interpretations include solar alignments. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Geoglyphs, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Briones-M L. 2006. The geoglyphs of the north Chilean desert: an archaeological and artistic perspective.  Antiquity 80:9-24. Chepstow-Lusty AJ. 2011. Agro-pastoralism and social change in the Cuzco heartland of Peru: a brief history using environmental proxies. Antiquity 85(328):570-582. Clarkson PB. Atacama Geoglyphs: Huge Images Created Across the Rocky Landscape of Chile. Online manuscript. Labash M. 2012. The Geoglyphs of the Atacama Desert: A bond of landscape and mobility. Spectrum 2:28-37. Pomeroy E. 2013. Biomechanical insights into activity and long distance trade in the south-central Andes (AD  500–1450). Journal of Archaeological Science 40(8):3129-3140. Thanks to Persis Clarkson for her assistance with this article, and to Louis Briones for the photography.

Subject Boring

Subject Boring Here lately, Ive been running wide out with deadlines and tasks atop of sick relatives, surgery, a new puppy, and the ice storm from hell. That not only throws me in high gear, but it also makes me sort at a glance much like an agent. Sort what, you might ask? Emails, blogs to read, submissions for FundsforWriters, and requests for reviews. And you might be surprised at the key factor I use in deleting or holding to read. The quality of the subject line. Hey, when time is crazy limited, and I have chapters to write and newsletters to prepare, something has to give. Im a fast reader Yeah, that latter part sounds stupid, but that literally runs through my head. Will I regret having missed this? Butit has to start with the subject. Okay, lets talk about whats good and whats not. Ive snared these good ones from the past week. They got my attention and dragged me to their sites. How Much Should a Writer Charge for Speaking? How I Read Slush: 3 Lessons for Writers. 5 Ways to Add Humor to Your Writing. What doesnt work for me when Im in a pinch is general stuff like these. They tell me nothing. And unless the person being interviewed in the story is a huge household name, whats going to draw me in to read about an unknown? When writing about a relatively unknown individual, at least use the subject to spark interest. How to Write Better How to Build a Platform A Conversation with Novelist (fill in the blank) An Interview with (fill in the blank) A Visit with (fill in the blank) A Talk about Writing Rules On the line is something like: 3 Things I Wish I Knew Before I Published Three Is in the subject line tells me this piece is about the author, and not necessarily with focus on me and my needs. But I like learning about mistakes so I dont make them. This one is iffy. And if I happen to open up the piece, I scan first. Headers and subheaders then tell me whether to invest my time. Im not making this up! We read about this all the time. Agents, editors and publishers scan. They also have deadlines, sick relatives, surgery and snow. They have the same 24 hours as we do . . . and most of them actually have a life afterwards! So, after youve poured your heart and soul and deep intellect into a piece, whether its a blog post, a list post, or a submission, take serious time to title it skillfully. Think over-the-top wording because thats what captures a readers interest. If your subject doesnt snag them, they never get to read your beautiful words that follow.

Social Implications of Information Technology Essay

Social Implications of Information Technology - Essay Example Economically it has changed the way of doing business and improved communication between partners; culturally it has reduced the differences between cultures and improved intercultural communication; politically it provides people with a new type of access to important information, while politicians obtain a new powerful type of lever to affect the voters; and socially it has influenced the communication and learning patters, and created absolutely new systems of relationship between people. Such extensive and diverse influence makes the new informational technologies one of the key forces that shape the present-day society and affect being of virtually each human being. The recent shift towards intensive use of computer technology in educational practices has already become so powerful that computer-mediated learning is no more perceived as something new. Whether computer laboratories in the primary schools or Internet-equipped computer facilities in the high school, computers have turned into unalienable part of students' life. The tremendous growth of technology has had large and serious impact on virtually every aspect of educational and learning practices. One of the consequences of the remarkable technological surge was the rapid development of computer-mediated distance learning at the higher education level. The beginning of the third millennium was marked by intensive growth. Institutions of higher education continued to further develop distance learning offerings targeting the populations of working adults who otherwise have limited access to higher education (Smart, and Cappel, 2006; Liaw and Huang, 2002). The online enrollment estimations made in the late 1990s have been exceeded and continues to grow at amazingly high rates. Thus, the number of online students reached 2.6 million in the fall of 2004 (Allen and Seaman, 2004). Despite the tremendous success of distance technology-mediated learning (this term covers not only fully online courses, but also various blended approaches that integrate online components into traditional classes), experts suggests that it still remains at an early stage of development and has huge poten tial to grow further (Smart, and Cappel, 2006). Computers are exceptionally useful for students at any level. Simple word-processing software turns students into independent publishers of ideas and opinions, helps them to eliminate the feeling of isolation, weigh their thoughts and ideas against thought and ideas of other people, while more advanced interactive software make it possible for them to practice the inquiry-based learning (Papert, 1996). This significant advantage of the computer technology is especially important in educational institution of higher learning, where the role of teacher is less important and students learns more on his own. Traditionally, European and American universities and colleges found themselves under constant pressure to control the costs while improving the quality of instruction, focusing on customer needs, and reacting to the competitive challenges (Horgan, 1998: 1). Higher education professionals used to perceive distance learning as the major tool in addressing the challenges while maintaining cost-effectiveness of universities (Dibiase, 2000). The distance learnin

Miss Celie Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Miss Celie - Assignment Example Celie’s hardships forced her to learn others’ values and beliefs. Ms. Celie’s bank was filled with a poor self image. The banking concept did not work with Ms. Celie, especially because she was abused and taught by others around her. When Shug, Mr. Johnson’s lover, came into Ms. Celie’s life, she began to teach Ms. Celie differently. Shug respected Ms. Celie after being around her for awhile. The two became confidants and lovers. Shug taught Ms. Celie that she was worth something. This allowed Ms. Celie to blossom. She opened her own shop after leaving Mr. Johnson. Ms. Celie even contacted her sister and children after Shug showed her letters Mr. Johnson had kept from her. Ms. Celie came back after her stepfather’s death to inherit her rightful estate. None of these things would have been possible without Shug teaching her self confidence and esteem. Shug treated the pupil with respect and taught Ms. Celie in her own individual way. Paulo Frieire’s idea of respecting each individual student instead of using the banking model is admirable, but impractical. Not every one comes from a loving or nurturing home. Some like, Ms. Celie, have hard lives. Too many people, educators included, are like Mr. Johnson, Pa, and others who treated Ms. Celie cruelly. The banking concept is the best method to teach children now, but Frieires ideas cannot be applied effectively to all

Windows Home Server Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Windows Home Server - Essay Example The 10/100/1000 Gigabit RJ-45 Ethernet can support both wired and wireless PC's via a wireless router. For storage, the HP EX475 model has two (2) SATA drives of 500 GB each which boosts the storage up to 1 TB. It also has additional four (4) hard drive bays for additional storage expansion up to 4 TB (terabytes) of maximum storage including all internal and external hard drives. Aside from the internal hard drive slots, additional off-the-shelf SATA I or II drives can be added to expansion bays. The smooth and streamlined micro-tower design of the casing and chassis really fits home and office use. For peace operation, the perforated steel exterior panels are the ones which provide the cool and quiet activities of the media server. The Windows Home Server is the operating system created by Microsoft which assists the user to centralize and link digital objects. Not only that, it also enables the user to share, manage, store, access and protect the precious pictures, videos, music and files. As presented by Microsoft, the Windows Home Server offers the following features: (1) computerized backup and simple restore of home computers, (2) access and share computer files inside and outside of home, (3) longer tenure and ability to meet the needs at present and also in the future.

Leadership Styles At Asda Plc Management Essay

Leadership Styles At Asda Plc Management Essay Knowledge is power, and information is nowadays one the most valuable assets if not the most valuable one. However [if not properly managed] information becomes rapidly useless, becoming a serious competitive disadvantage for any organization. Leaders play a crucial part in the game of knowledge management in all levels inside a company. The basic skills of any leader should make him/her able to solve problems, to make decisions, to plan, to manage meetings, to delegate, to communicate and to self management, but it also requires human qualities for nowadays good leaders are those who are capable of understanding and responding to the peoples needs and to the constant challenges and demands of modern days, without compromising the goals of the organization. Instead in the traditional model the leader would be at the top of the hierarchy as a chief authority. Currently a good leader is not the one who is feared [while occupying a power position inside an organization] but the one who is respected and trustworthy for its human qualities like character, values, ethics and beliefs, while combining it with other specific skills. Otherwise wont attract followers. But how can theories and leadership models are applied to a real situation evolving a real organization and how useful can that really become? Companys Introduction: ASDA will be used as a practical example of an organization: After War World I the milk prices were falling down rapidly, farmers had to protect themselves in response to that a farmer from Yorkshire (in association with other farmers) named J.W. Hindell created in 1920 the Hindells Dairy Farmers Limited to acquire or build both wholesale and retail outlets for their milk, guarantying a steady market and a floor price. That lasted about 25 years with a variety of dairy business, involving 9 companies in this process. This partnership became a public company in March 1949 (Associated Dairies and Farm Stores Limited), employing 1200 people. By 1965, Associated created a subsidiary [ASDA Stores Limited], extremely profitable. A new concept was launched: new extremely large stores were open, in abandoned warehouses or mills, offering a limited selection of goods at the lowest prices. By 1978, ASDA had 60 superstores and two years later more than  £1 billion sales mark. In 1984 John Hardman became managing director and decided that changes (including new look for stores, new lightningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) were needed or ASDA would fall behind , the ASDA Brand new line of foods would emerge to increase sales including other measures , under Hardman  ´s direction the company sold not only but also the Associated Fresh Foods, concentrating only in superstores and expanded line of food stores, only expectation was Allied, a chain of carpet and drapery stores ,the Group was not able to sell it. ASDA acquired 62 of rival Gateways superstores, the company kept on full expansion. In 1991 after Hardman resigning Archie Norman took and the next several years were dedicated to restructuring, renewing the brand image, lowering prices and product mix and in 1995 the profits were increasing again as compared to 1992. Then in 1999 the U.S. retail giant Wal-Mart Stores Inc. offered to takeover ASDA and in 2000, after the acquisition, launched Smart Price, a new brand based on Wal-Mart. ASDA with 259 stores is now the second largest retailer in the UK, having a very big competitive advantage: price competition in a variety of shops, which helps customers to relate with the company. Also under Wal-Marts wings ASDA has been adding new departments like: pharmacies, opticians, jewellery, besides selling music, videos, and books. Examine the impact of different leadership attributes and skills on work groups There is no universal academic concept of Leadership there are as many definitions as the number of scholars studying it (combination of certain characteristics, skills, process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). It can be described as the result of a process by which an individual influences others in order to accomplish a common goal. Leadership should not be confused with power or authority for it is a wider concept, demanding much personal effort from the leader in order to fully mobilize the people in achieving that common goal mostly supporting all strategy on top of the companys values and culture. Many theories try and keep trying to identify the skills that a good leader should have, some became popular and important tools for management and leadership until now. John Adairs Action-Centred Leadership Model supported leadership has 3 main responsibilities: task, team/group and individual, keeping all these 3 responsibilities in the right balance the success would be guaranteed: better quality, sustains morale, develops the team and also highlights the intervention of the leader as a successful one. The leader, like in Tom Peters theory also, should be inspiring to others, showing enthusiasm, commitment and ability to pass all that to the people. Although he argued that the situation itself would appoint the leader and determinate what kind of leadership, nevertheless some leaders need innate characteristics like military ones (need courage), other human qualities like integrity, wholeness and moral sense were considered essential to any leader. Elizabeth Moss Kanter focused on empowerment [key to human motivation] management should be available for those usually put aside, like women, clerical workersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ decentralizing authority with the creation of other small and autonomous groups. Early researches on leadership are more behavioural searching to classify personal features that set efficient leaders apart from other people. Works like Daniel Golemans and also Higgs and Dulewicz work (among others) about emotional intelligence theory became very popular. EQ has become a very important factor to select and recruit, for management development, job profiling, HR planning, customer relationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ even to reduce stress by decreasing conflict, improving relationships and communication, stabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Daniel Goleman ´s EQ theory (EQ Emotional Quotient) is a revolutionary concept by defending that success does not depends only of the IQ (Intelligence Quotient), but also behaviour and character are twice important. His studies lead him to develop a model containing several personal (e.g. capability of understand oneself, self-control, self motivationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) and social competences (Organisational awareness, Change catalyst, Building bondsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦), necessary for a good leadership. This is a tremendously important contribute most of all to develop people and organizations allowing to understand peoples behaviours, attitudes, potential, styles in management and interpersonal skills. Higgs and Dulewicz divided Emotional Inteligence in 3 major areas: Drivers: motivation and decisiveness, skills that give people the necessary energy for achieving goals. Constrainers: conscientiousness, integrity and emotional resilience (control and smooth the excess of drivers) Enablers: sensitivity, influence and self-awareness, skills that help performance and the success of individuals In result a successful leadership would be the sum of EQ, IQ and also Managerial Competence (MQ). In their theory the EQ of an individual (interpersonal sensitivity, self-awareness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) is also result of cognitive ability and certain management competences; EQ is also affected by drivers and constrainers. Impact of leadership attributes and skills: Psychologists Litwin and Stringer at Harvard University developed research among top companies all over the world, in order to investigate the connection between leadership behaviour, team climate and performance ,they identified 6 types of effective leadership styles creating a (ILS) the inventory of leadership. Coercive: gaining immediate compliance from employees Authoritative: long term vision and leadership Affiliative: generates trust and harmony Democratic: allows group consensus and creating new ideas Pacesetting: leading by example and finalization of tasks to high standards Coaching: the professional evolution of employees. The ILS helps to understand the leadership from the side of those who are led, it provides the leader the choices for leadership behaviour focusing on the individuals and how their behaviour affects team  ´s results. Also, these 6 leadership styles would produce a positive and stable climate inside the organization improving motivation and performance. Climate was measured using some criteria to measure employees perception on how they were treated (like: amount of responsibility given; the clarity of goals and objectives; team spirit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). They also concluded that organizational climates would vary according to the leadership styles, proving that the leaders personal qualities and actions have definitely a major impact on others. Explain how different theories, models or principles of leadership can be used to gain insights into leadership requirements for a given organisational context Mostly Re-developing of envision is not very much inaugurating, an entirely new envision for organisation as it is coming back the organisation that is failed to keep possession of its way to their main agenda. The new CEO Archie Norman took into command as CEO of ASDA Supermarket chain in the UK in 1991. That time ASDA was going diminishing, descending to a poor and poor position as compare to their competitors e.g. Tesco, Sainsburys and Safeway. Basically ASDA was losing its way as it tried to race with Sainsburys and Tesco by going upmarket, ASDA was at that time using a major designer to remodel their stores, Increasing their Product range, Introducing own-label products and appointing new management to give a big support to their stores. So ASDA was doing lots of new ideas due to ASDAs costs Rose. Because of costs rising ASDA trying prices up and do to this ASDA was going away from their core customers. About three-quarters of ASDAs stores in that areas where the average income of people was below as average standard income. People were going on the cheapest prices to purchase their food. ASDA had also introduced new range of non food retailing products like furniture and carpets. So ASDA had led to a  £1 billion debt burden. Archie Normans challenge was to take ASDA of their First Position, which he termed the Virtuous Circle revaluating the customary price with different of 5 to 7% below of their competitors and helpful and friendly service. That was definitely difficult by financial point of view but with the good effort ofASDA Way of Working it became possible. With the effort of Norman the new approach was formed to transform that became an all-powerful and no races system to one where employees enjoyed work and regularly providing customer service with a personality derived from the heart of the company The struggle of Norman started daily huddles (like meeting) with managers and colleagues instead of weekly huddles, Introduced Sharing option for all employees of ASDA with same terms from top to bottom, with All efforts of ASDA Colleagues ASDA brought biggest increase in sales. Everyone had right to give suggestion directly to Archie Norman, So he got 14,000 suggestion just in first 18 months. So the profits margin within 5 years in 1991  £168.3 million to  £304 million in 1996 when Archie Norman took command of ASDA as CEO role to Allan Leighton Evaluate the usefulness of the theories, models or principles of Leadership The World is entering in 21st Century, How many Development programs are try to focusing with usefulness of their leadership training. As resources are becoming more limited but the organisations are also trying to more and more accountable for meeting their goals. Taking Accountability and responsibility for improving youth leadership life skills today, Confident the assure for impressive leadership tomorrow. Define the leadership skills needed for a specific situation within an organization Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other.  John F. Kennedy The concept of Leadership in ASDA is slightly different while based in the servant leadership model, the leader is first a servant, and the mission of the leader is to serve others. Basically Servant leaders should help followers to develop their own values that support the organization in its mission (examples of this kind of leadership: Mahatma Gandhi, Mother Theresa, Nelson Mandela and the Dalai Lama. Training a leader is essential to any business success, mainly for small and medium sized companies, the leadership development as well as the people training has become a very important process, especially for companies who look to reduce costs and increase their revenues, and over the time companies who develop their human assets (leaders and people tend to have better results than those who dont. Propose methods to develop leadership skills to meet the specific requirements of a part of an organization A leaders skills can be sculptured and polished using different kind of methods like training courses, coaching, mentoring, by renewing the own methodology in leadership development programmes, making partnerships with well-known academics ,formal management programs, international study tours , experimental workshops, action learning projectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ For example the CEO of U.K. grocery chain ASDA is responsible for profound structural changes like freezing wages, but also promoting transparency and egalitarianism in the organization, making ASDA a great place for everyone to work. Trust and openness increased as well as shareholder value in consequence. Such kind of leader is more participative, at same time capable of: Planning, effectiveness, Financial and commercial understanding, Innovation, vision, creativity, taking initiative, problem-solving and decision-makingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Belbin frame-work team roles model makes it possible for organisations to understand the weaknesses and strengths of individuals and creating more balanced teams to accomplish tasks and roles looking for the best performance of the team. This model could be quite useful when talking about a major company like ASDA with so many and such huge stores to manage, each one divided into several departments. A second benefit of this model applying to ASDA  ´s example is that it allows to point out the existence of Incompatibility inside a team, avoiding the mix of the wrong individuals is one of the key reasons why teams fail. An ineffective team may at times be nothing more than just a consequence of the wrong combination of people. Critically evaluate the use of a full range of methods of leadership development within the specified context There is a large variety of leader development methods, but there are 5 major ones (also adaptable to ASDA): Developmental relationships mentors and role models and also those who are designed to stimulate and support learning like coachers. Managers are expected to contribute to the development of their employees by teaching, coaching, giving feedback. Nowadays the online social networking sites allow the dissemination of information at an epidemical speed; Developmental assignments giving leaders the right challenge so they can develop their needs and goals (promotion, working in a multicountry project team; working in a joint venture) also very useful to develop cultural awareness and adaptability in a global era; Feedback Processes -ongoing honest feedback, there processes may include 360- degree feedback for all managers with direct reports, in the end of a project to obtain feedback from their teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Formal programs mainly off-the-job joining individuals to share learning and development experiences; Self-development activities (reading books, articles, using internet, all-staff meetingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) The pursuit to understand leadership concept continues daily, within rapidly and ever changing century. Leaders are expected to focus their attention on a more ethical leadership and on how emotions form and sustain relationships, what kind of thinking will be used? How can a leader coordinate several people, many dispersed geographically? Conclusion: Leadership is common and necessary in all aspects of society and as a concept is not fully understood, daily challenged by constant demands of modern society, however there is no common definition of leadership no organization can stand without the leader fully understanding its values and culture, in order to strongly motivate and inspire the constituents that participate of the organization. Understanding the relationship between leader and the people is the key for any organizations success, not so much in a power or authority perspective, but looking also for more human characteristics and qualities. Being a leader also implies responsibilities and its also up to the public to support the practice of good leadership so it is even more important to understand the possibilities and weakness of leaders that is the true potential of theories and models of leadership.

War in Iraq Essay -- essays research papers

The war in Iraq brings up a lot of questions, about the future decisions of President of the United States of America, Mr. George W. Bush. After the terrorist attack on the United States, which shook the whole world, US went to war with Iraq. I believe that this is a war on terrorism, and not an â€Å"Oil War†, how other like to refer to it. United States want to liberate people in Iraq and bring up the standards of living in that very rich, but at the same time poor country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before I come to my main topic of this essay, which is â€Å"Which Prince should G.W. Bush put in the Middle East?† I would like to talk a little about the history of international behaviors of the United States of America. After the Second World War United States was seeking for new allies. Well I should not be saying new, but for more allies. Also at that time there was an anti-communism in the US. As Soviet Union moved on across the Europe pushing the Germans back and defeating them. The countries which were left behind Soviet Union put socialistic governments, which brought new and more allies for Russia. But as timed passes United States saw that the best way to bring new allies is by putting democratic government. Which is United States did in Germany and Japan. But while US were busy with Europe and did not paid attention to the Middle East, Islamic countries were out of control. So now G.W.Bush would like to solve this problem, which brings another problem who is going to be...

Helping Your Child Recover from Sexual Abuse

From a parent point of view I ask the question of how you help your child heal from sexual abuse. I have chosen this because I am a parent that is going through trying to help my child heal from her abuse. As I research the Ashford library, Pro Quest, Goggle, and information from the Women’s Center of Houston. I have found that parents play an important role in helping our children recover from sexual abuse. Just as helping those with school work, trying to tie their shoes, picking out their clothes for the day, or even helping them be successful in the future. It’s our duty as parents to give them support, belief, and protection when they have been through a shocking experience. How do you help your child heal from sexual abuse? Caren Adams and Jennifer Fay, University of Washington Press, 1987, ask the same question. Put yourself in parent’s shoes that are going or has been through what we fear each and everyday. Can you wonder how it feel if your child comes to you and says â€Å"it has happen to me†? What do you do after the shocking news? The nightmare of coping with the sexual abuse of your child begins. Will your child get over it? Will your child grow up to be an offender? What do you do in the days to come? Will this affect your child’s life? Parents of child victims are all over the world are asking this question right now. Hundreds of children are being sexual abuse every year. America reports that every 1 in 4 girls will be sexually abused by thee age of 18, and 1 out of 8 boys will be also. There are many different types of abuse that can occur, but the single most traumatizing type is sexual abuse. Sexual abuse is unwanted sexual activity forced on a person by another through coercion or threats. Now no one wants their child to go through a traumatic experience growing up. So when something like this happens to your child the question still stands. How do you help your child heal from sexual abuse? This question may be hard to answer if you never been in this situation before. I didn’t know how to go about to even find ways on healing for my daughter. Her sexual abuse happen when she was 14 year old. I’ve called several hotlines to speak to social workers, of the Child Assessment Center. I just need the first step in talking to someone about my situation in getting some help for my daughter. The social worker was kind enough to tell me that she might need to go to counseling before it gets too late in the future. Counseling for children and teens that has been sexual abuse is good this will help your child to be able to talk about the abuse that he or she has experienced. It really starts from the beginning, when the first thing you need to do is separate your natural reaction to the horrible news from the disbelief of your child. Feeling of disbelief is called denial, and most of the time they wish that all of this is a bad dream. Children hide their feeling from parents and other people around them. Our role is to support our child/children in recovery through reassurance, safety, and love. A parent of a victim of sexual abuse told me that in order to heal from the pain and hurt. â€Å"We need to find a position of recover first†. From that note I realize that it take parents to be able to heal themselves as well, so that they can help their children heal. We must tell our child/children that we believe them, we love them, I’m sorry that this happen to you, It wasn’t your fault; I will be there to take care of you. The subject on helping your child heal from sexual abuse is important because our children are our future. There is life after the abuse. The victims can become what ever they desire to be in the future and put the hurt in the past. This will allow the healing to take over the world and be successful adults.

Literature Essay: One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest by K Kesey

It is suggested that Ken Kesey†s One Flew over the Cuckoo†s Nest contains examples of behaviour and attitudes displayed by characters within the clinical environment of the psychiatric ward which can be compared to behaviour found within contemporary American society. These include examples of leadership and hierarchy within a class or caste system, sexism and crime and punishment. In the text, the theme of leadership is very prominent and important to the story. Arguably it is more important theme of the book, than the issue of mental illness, which forms the setting and the core of the novel. The leader figure in the ward is Big Nurse, who has complete control over the ward. Any decisions that are made over a patient or with regards the running of the ward must go through Big Nurse first. She is seen by the Chief as being almost mechanical in her approach to her running of the ward: She†s got that bag full of a thousand parts she aims to use in her duties today-wheels and gears, cogs polished to a hard glitter†¦(10) The ward is run by her to a very strict daily routine, which is almost fanatically neurotic in it†s precision and dedication. Chief describes Big Nurse†s devotion to her daily routine: ‘The slightest thing messy or out of kilter in any way ties her into a little white knot of tight-smiled fury† (27) When McMurphy enters the ward, the delicate equilibrium which the nurse has created is upset. This is because, like the nurse, McMurphy is a natural leader-figure. He takes over the control of the ward by manipulating the patients; seemingly for their own good, but it may be argued that he gets a feeling a control from being a leader over a large group of people. This may be a feeling of control and power which has previously been absent in his life for some reason. We are told, early in the book, of McMurphy†s admission to the ward doctor about his conviction for raping a fifteen year old girl, and his unwillingness to acknowledge that he had committed a crime: ‘Said she was seventeen, Doc, and she was plenty willin†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ so willin†, in fact, I took to sowing my pants up† (40) This could also be argued for Big Nurse; What is her motive for her total dedication to the job? It is possible that she also relishes the feeling of control over the patients in her care which her job allows. She knows that she has absolute power over every patient in her ‘care†; The power to change any of her patient†s lives immediately wherever she might see fit. Such behaviour can also be seen in contemporary society in an environment such as a school; The school is a good example because it has a central leader in the position of the head teacher. The head teacher has full responsibility over every person within the school, and also sets the rules and regulations which everyone in that particular school must obey. If a member of the school breaks any of the rules, the head teacher will decide an appropriate punishment. While the head teacher is answerable to the Governing Board of the school, they still have the most ‘power† and authority over the school. It can also be shown within a large corporation with the position of a Managing Director. All other staff in the company are directly answerable to him. The Managing Director has the power to hire new staff, and also to make staff redundant. But, again, he is answerable to the owner of the company and perhaps the shareholders; so he can never have total power in his position This can be contrasted with Big Nurse; She is, in theory, answerable to the Management Board of the hospital, and even to the doctors who work on the ward. But she appears to have the most control over the daily running of the ward, as if she were senior to the doctors, even though, in fact, she is only a nurse. She seems to have total and complete authority over every person in the ward. The theme of leadership does not mirror the outside world very accurately, as in contemporary society a leader of a society or an organisation is almost always accountable to a person senior to him. This is not seen in the novel, as Big Nurse seems to be answerable to no one, in fact, it is arguable that everyone answers to her. A hierarchy or class system operates inside the ward which can be clearly seen throughout the course of the novel. Patients living within the ward are ‘classed† according to the state of their mental health or to the condition of which they suffer from. Chief describes the method of discriminating patients from one another: ‘Across the room from the Acutes are the Chronics†¦ Not in the hospital, these, to get fixed, but to keep them walking the streets†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (17) Patients are divided into two categories of Acutes & Chronics: Chronics are those patients who have a condition which is untreatable, â€Å"machines with flaws which cannot be repaired† (17) and can only be controlled with medical methods. They will spend the rest of their lives inside the ward of the hospital. Patients who are seen as being likely to recover from their illness, and will return to society. Acutes are those patients e.g. Harding, who are seen as being likely to recover from their illness, and will return to society. Chronics can either have full use of their bodies or can be again sub-categorised into Wheelers and Vegetables; Those whose movement is impaired to such an extent, they can only move by being pushed around in wheelchairs. Vegetables are patients who, through excessive ECT ‘Shock Shop† (18) or through the overperscription of tranquillising medications: ‘Ellis is a chronic came in an Acute and got fouled up bad when they overloaded him in the Shock Shop†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (18) When McMurphy enters the ward, he assumes the role of a leader over all of his fellow patients in the ward. McMurphy has a strong, intelligent character and so he is able to manipulate others who are more vulnerable than he is. An example of his manipulation is when he shows some playing cards with pornographic photographs on them to Cheswick: ‘I brought along my own deck†¦Fifty-two positions†. Cheswick is pop-eyed already†¦those cards don†t help his condition. (16) Personality types which can be seen in contemporary society can also be seen very clearly with regard to the characters in the ward setting: McMurphy†s character is a rebel character who hates authority and authoritative figures. This is, perhaps, why he clashes so fiercely with Big Nurse. Chief is the veteran of the ward. He has been there the longest, since the start of World War II, with the exception of Big Nurse. He has the mutual respect of everyone in the ward. Billy Bibbit is insecure and has a stutter. His name is ironic in that it resembles a stutter when said. His problems have probably been caused by his overbearing mother, who was very protective and spoke for him whenever possible. In a large group of individuals, these personalities are often seen; A rebel character who goes against the system is almost always present in a class inside a school; A veteran who has gained the respect of everyone in that particular grouping; A person who is lacking in confidence, often reluctant to speak out. Today, in contemporary society, a class system is still very much a part of everyday life. People are classed on wealth, status and employment. Discrimination can also exist between classes; lower classes finding higher classes snobbish and elitist; higher classes perhaps seeing lower classes as ‘common† and uneducated. The book mirrors hierarchy in contemporary society very well, as it shows different personality types and differentiates between the different classes of people within it very clearly and accurately. However, it does not show discrimination between the different classes which exists today in contemporary society and is quite important to the structure of modern societies. The issues of Sexism and Sexuality are also raised within the book. Although they do not feature so prominently as the themes of Leadership and Hierarchy, they are nevertheless very important to the behaviour of the characters. Taking the theme of sexism in the text, women are placed into two distinct stereotypical types. They are portrayed as either whores, sluts or nymphomaniac wives; or the book goes to the other extreme where women are held as asexual ‘machines†. This view is very important when referring to Big Nurse. The prostitutes that appear during McMurphy†s fishing trip are a good example of the first way the book describes women. They are shown as amoral, trivialising sex so that it is seen only as a meaningless business transaction. It is also made clear of the loss of McMurphy†s at the age of nine: ‘The first girl ever drug me to bed wore that same dress. I was about ten†¦Taught me how to love, bless her sweet ass (201)† Ruckly†s wife is another example of this such view of women as adulteresses. Ruckly has had an unsuccessful lobotomy, making him rather mentally unstable. The text portrays him very sympathetically, so the reader empathises with his character from the outset: ‘They brought him back to the ward two weeks later†¦you can see by his eyes how they burned him up in there† (18) Ruckly had found out that his wife had been seeing other men; Every time she is mentioned he remembers what she did to him: ‘Memory whispers someplace in that jumbled machinery†¦He turns red and veins clog up†¦Fffffffuck da wife! Ffffffuck da wife!† (19) This is not the only unfavourable way women are portrayed in the novel. Big Nurse is shown as a hardened and rather sterile asexual character. ‘ ‘A mistake was made in manufacturing, putting those big, womanly breasts on her†¦and you can she how bitter she is for it† (11) Whenever she is described by Chief, her attributes are likened to a piece of machinery which is cold and unfeeling. It appears that she is so dedicated to the ward that she is ‘married† to the job and sexual relationships have no place in her ‘plan†. It is arguable that this is why she becomes so enraged when she discovers McMurphy†s relations with the prostitutes towards the end of the book. Today, in contemporary society, the view sometimes is still held that women inferior to men. They can be seen as incapable of carrying out work, and should stay at home to look after the children. Although the advent of feminism has almost vanquished these ‘male chauvinist† attitudes, women can still be stereotyped as above; as whores or nymphomaniacs or, like Big Nurse; ‘frigid†, asexual and cold. It can be seen, thus, the text of One Flew over the Cuckoo†s Nest shows sexism in contemporary society accurately. Finally, the issues of crime and punishment are raised throughout the book and are very important from the outset and ultimately to the ending of the story. The ward, like the society outside, is run on a system of sanctions and rewards which are allocated according to a patient†s behaviour. Punishments may be issued, by Big Nurse, for unwillingness to co-operate with the daily routine or with the staff. Punishments included ECT , the removal of privileges such as cigarettes or more serious, repeat offenders as a last resort, a lobotomy. A patient could also be sent to Disturbed, in effect a ‘hospital within a hospital† where a patient could be sent to recover from an outburst and they will return to the ward when Big Nurse sees fit. A lobotomy is a surgical procedure in which the pre-frontal lobes of the brain are either removed or destroyed. This was thought to pacify aggressive patients, but in practise, it transformed them into inactive individuals: â€Å"The installations they do these days are usually successful†¦a success they say†¦like Ruckly fumbling and drooling all over his picture† (18-19) Rewards were also issued to by the establishment of the ward; Patients were give a ‘ration† of cigarettes every week, but this was stopped when McMurphy arrived in the ward as he used to win the others† cigarettes from them in gambling card games. It is arguable that the security of the hospital could be seen as a reward. Patients, who through the result of their ‘mental illness † could not cope in the outside world and require the constant daily routine to feel secure and safe. Contemporary society has a system of rules, laws and legislations which must be followed to be a member of that society. Society also has the power, like the ward to issue sanctions for those who break the rules. Although many countries have abolished the use of corporal or capital punishment for serious crimes, North America is one such a country where, depending on the state, a person may face capital punishment by lethal injection, electric chair or gas chamber. The ward applies corporal punishment in the form of the ECT and it may be argued that a lobotomy is a form of capital punishment because the patient has little or no quality of life left after the procedure, so they might as well have been killed. Ken Kesey†s One Flew Over The Cuckoo†s Nest mirrors, in the behaviour of it†s characters, contemporary society very accurately and can still be relied on, as a contemporary text, an accurate display of the treatment of patients within a mental hospital today.